Did You Know How to Calculate Z Score in R?

Did You Know How to Calculate Z Score in R?

Z-scores, also known as standard scores, z-values, normal scores, z score or standardized values, measure how many standard deviations away a value is from the mean of a distribution. They are useful for comparing data with different units, scales, or ranges. They can also help us test a dataset's normality, find outliers, and calculate probabilities. In this article, I will show you how to calculate z-scores for a single column or every column in a data frame using R. I will also explain what z-scores mean and how to interpret them. I will use two examples to illustrate the process and the results.  What is a Z-Score and How to Calculate It? It tells you how far a value is from the mean of a distribution in terms of standard deviations. It is calculated by subtracting the mean from the value and dividing by the standard deviation. The formula for calculating a z-score is: z=(x−μ)/σ​ where: z is the z-score x is the value μ is the mean σ is the standard deviation For example, suppose we hav…